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Information Systems Security Research Paper Topics
Monday, August 24, 2020
Human Resource Development in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Human Resource Development in UK - Essay Example It is essential for the expert stage to have gifted individuals with the necessary ability. It very well may be made conceivable to get such ability by getting them from outside the association; that is, enlistment. In any case, it is additionally conceivable to accomplish this via preparing and building up the current representatives. Human Resource Development (HRD) is an arranged methodology that is utilized so as to put resources into human capital. The explanation that HRD is significant is that one of the most fundamental components for the advancement of a fruitful industry in the UK happens to the speculation is aptitudes. It draws on other human asset forms, for instance resourcing and execution assessment, with the goal that the genuine and likely ability can be perceived. HRD presents a structure for self-improvement, instructional classes and profession movement so an association's future expertise prerequisites can be met with. So as to react to limitation against the activity advertise, there ought to be human capital advancement as instruction and abilities preparing. It is conceivable that a few abilities are scant in any event, when there is high business. Newswire Today reports that in 2007 a report was given by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC) entitled UK Skills: Making the Grade. This report depended on a review of more than 300 managers. As per this report, 55% of the businesses who were assessed are thinking that its progressively hard to utilize gifted specialists currently when contrasted with five years prior. So as to manage this issue, around the same time the UK Government reported a significant extension in abilities speculation for England of more than 11 billion for every one of the following three years. All out spending on learning and aptitudes is probably going to increment to 12.3 billion per year by 2010/11. This contrasts and the 6.5 billion spent in 2001/02 (Department for In novation, Universities and Skills, n.d.). A great deal of difference is available instruction and preparing levels of various nations. For instance, in Germany they think about innovation and creation as high status exercises. For them to prevail in such zones they must have an elevated level of specialized preparing. Accordingly, German organizations feel more prominent significance to specialized bit of leeway than, state, those in the UK. In the UK innovation is significant as well as different regions too, even the ones detached to the building and specialized side. One model can be the Film Industry. It is as of late that the Film Industry has been credited however in any case, it is reality that the UK has attempted to make it effective. For this, the Film Industry Training Board has been set up. The point of the board is to improve abilities advancement in the UK film industry. This is just the primary modern preparing barricade that has been set in around 20 years. Industry Training Boards are protected associations that were set up
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Financial pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Money related upsides and downsides - Essay Example Capital Budgeting choices of Debt Financing versus Equity Financing and Capital Expenditure The paper examinations the budgetary feasibility of setting up another creation plant including the financing choices and whether Superior Living Inc. ought to go for an IPO. Monetary Analysis of Superior Living Inc. Productivity and dissolvability position of an organization is an immediate method to see how well an organization is performing. To investigate let us take a gander at the accompanying proportions and how the organization has fared: net revenue: The Company has been acquiring a solid net revenue which has been continually expanding from 10.66% in the year to 11.77% in the year 2003. Working edge: The Company has a superior working edge in 2003 of 19.60% over the earlier years. This demonstrates the organization is effective in dealing with its working costs to produce income. Profit for Capital Employed: The Company have earned liberally for its financial specialists as profit so far for its capital utilized stands at roughly 25% which is unmistakably more than the expense of capital, expecting it to be at 10%. Obligation Equity proportion: This proportion recognizes the dissolvability of the firm by estimating the influence position of an organization. Higher the proportion the more influence an organization is and the other way around and thus higher money related hazard. Unrivaled Living Inc. has a low obligation value proportion for example ... Advantages and disadvantages of opening up to the world Raising cash by opening up to the world shows tolerating cash from financial specialists in return of proprietorship and control of the organization without the commitment of repaying the cash. The organization according to its benefit benefits the financial specialists by delivering profit now and again. This seems like pain free income for the organization yet the other side is that the possession and command over the organization would be inescapable for the sum contributed by means of value financing. On account of Superior Inc. the organization is serenely positioned regarding book obligations. The obligation value proportion low which implies the organization has not utilized obligation to the degree it ought to have utilized. For the most part the perfect obligation value proportion ought to be 1:2 however for Superior itââ¬â¢s around 1:40. In this manner, the reasonable game-plan for Superior Inc. is too raise capital by obligation financing course which likewise gets charge advantage as intrigue paid on obligations is deductible from benefits and profit paid on value can't be deducted from benefits. Obligation financing doesn't influence the proprietorship structure of the organization; subsequently the control stays with the proprietors of the organization. Advantages and disadvantages of a capital use Superior Living Inc. plans to begin another creation plant as a major aspect of their development plans. To decide the money related suitability of the this capital consumption, different capital planning choice instruments were utilized which incorporates recompense period, net present worth, inner pace of return and altered interior pace of return. The expense of undertaking is $5,000,000 longer than a year and income would begin streaming in the organization just from the subsequent year. The normal money inflow because of new creation plant is required to
Monday, July 20, 2020
Understanding the Fear of Buttons
Understanding the Fear of Buttons Phobias Types Print Understanding the Fear of Buttons By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 21, 2019 Catherine MacBride / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Texture Issues Germ Phobia Inhaling or Swallowing Buttons Related Phobias Steve Jobs Treating Button Phobia View All Back To Top Koumpounophobia, or the fear of buttons, is surprisingly common. Yet like any phobia, the specific fear may vary dramatically between sufferers. Some people are afraid of the texture of certain buttons. Others feel that buttons are somehow dirty. Some only fear touching or wearing buttons, while others are scared of viewing buttons worn by strangers or friends. Texture Issues Many people claim to feel disgusted by buttons rather than actively afraid of them. Researchers at the University of Sussex theorized that fear and disgust are heavily linked. Issues with certain textures are common with a variety of disorders including those on the autism spectrum, but also occur alone. If you are disgusted by the texture of some buttons, you might begin to dread handling them. Over time, this dread could worsen to include all buttons, even those that are of a different texture. You might also begin to fear seeing buttons, even if you are not required to touch them. Interestingly, most people with a texture-related fear of buttons seem to be especially afraid of plastic buttons. Metal buttons, such as those on jeans, are not a common object of fear. Germ Phobia Some people report that they are particularly afraid of old buttons. A common example is a box of buttons discovered in grandmas old sewing room. The general belief seems to be that these buttons are unclean. This could be disgust masquerading as fear, or it could be related to mysophobia, the fear of germs. In many cases, those who are afraid of old buttons have similar fears regarding old clothes in general, but this is not always true. Likewise, some people who fear old buttons are also afraid of new buttons, though to a lesser extent. Inhaling or Swallowing Buttons Some people are not afraid of the button itself that are afraid that they might accidentally inhale or swallow it. Small children often put objects in their noses or mouths, and loose buttons sometimes attract their attention. Phobias are sometimes, though not always, based on frightening past experiences. If you swallowed a button or got one stuck in your nose as a child, you might be at increased risk for developing this fear. In addition, the traumatic experience need not have happened to you. If you witnessed another child in distress due to an errant button, that could be enough to trigger this fear. Related Phobias Depending on its severity, button phobia sometimes extends to other objects. Some people with a fear of buttons also develop the fear of small coins, discs, and other button-sized items. Over time, an untreated fear of buttons could become life-limiting, preventing the sufferer from interacting with a wide range of common household items. Steve Jobs In 2007, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs revealed his button phobia to the Wall Street Journal. His phobia extended far beyond clothing buttons, ironically setting the stage for what was arguably the forward-thinking companys most remarkable success. Modeled after the companys 1993 Newton MessagePad PDA, the revolutionary iPhone took the world by storm upon its 2007 release. Singlehandedly, it changed the concept of a cell phone from a device that resembled a traditional telephone to a smooth rectangular block that consisted primarily of a touchscreen. If Steve Jobs had not been afraid of buttons, would cell phones and tablets exist today? Treating Button Phobia Like all phobias, koumpounophobia responds well to a variety of treatment methods. Brief therapy methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can often treat simple phobias in just a few sessions. Your therapist will work with you to design an individualized treatment plan based on your specific needs. Although a button phobia can have far-reaching impacts on your daily life, with professional help and hard work it can be overcome.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Franz Richard Wagner s Influence On Society - 1430 Words
Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a renowned German opera composer who lived in the 1800s. Besides his extravagant operatic works, he dabbled in written essays with the most notable being his Judaism in Music published in 1850. Wagnerââ¬â¢s essay made very clear his views on Jewish composers and performers in the German musical realmââ¬âhe loathed them. His anti-Semitism is made blatantly clear in the very first paragraph, ââ¬Å"It will not be a question, however, of saying something new, but of explaining that unconscious feeling which proclaims itself among the people as a rooted dislike of the Jewish nature.â⬠While his ideology was not the first part of Wagner that Hitler took a liking to, it became a defining factor in Hitlerââ¬â¢s perspective on society during the reign of the ââ¬Å"Thousand Year Reichâ⬠. During Hitlerââ¬â¢s teenage years while on a trip to Lintz, Austria in 1901, the young Adolf first came into contact with the works of the mesmerizing Wagner (CITATION). The story claims that after searching for hours for a ticket to the opera, Hitler managed to get his hands on one and once inside the doors history was made. Adolph had stumbled into an opera that was the work of none other than the Anti-Semitic Richard Wagner. He was entirely mesmerized by Wagnerââ¬â¢s Tristan and even praised the opera in a letter to one of his school mates describing the opera as ââ¬Å"powerful waves of soundâ⬠. Later on Hitler was rumored to have carried Wagnerââ¬â¢s music around in his knapsack throughout his rise to power inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Opera3072 Words à |à 13 PagesWolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the early 19th century, Gioacchino Rossini and Gaetano Donizetti dominated Italian opera. In the later 19th century the greatest works were those of Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner. Wagner, with his bold innovations, became the most influential operatic figure since Monteverdi. Richard Strauss and Giacomo Puccini wrote the most p opular late 19th- and early 20th-century operas. Though the death of Puccini in 1924 is often cited as the end of grand opera, new and often experimentalRead MoreFranz Liszt was a Great Romantic Composer4170 Words à |à 17 Pages(Perenyi 238, Kamien 238). This even though it by the romantic era was more normal for musicians to be independent (ââ¬Å"Liszt, Franzâ⬠). His reason was not because he needed money, he was the first pianist performer who could support himself by doing what he did, he wanted to start composing (Franz Liszt). He stayed at his position in Weimar from 1848 until 1861 (ââ¬Å"Liszt, Franzâ⬠). His new orchestra one of the first in Germany (De Portales (114). He managed to make the orchestra bigger and to obtain moreRead MoreMusic History Through the Middle Ages, Rennisance, Baroque, Etc...2017 Words à |à 9 PagesI hope that a better understanding can be reached to why, when, where and who are the reasons for musical evolution. Middle Ages Beginning with fall of Rome in 476a.d. the first half of this millennium is referred to as the dark ages. In society, all power flowed from the king with the approval of the Roman Catholic Church and its bishops. This is what we know as church and state. The dark ages or an encompassment of the middle ages by history, gave to many early development in westernRead More Music History thru the Middle Ages, Rennisance, Baroque, etc...1983 Words à |à 8 Pagesperiods. I hope that a better understanding can be reached to why, when, where and who are the reasons for musical evolution. Middle Ages Beginning with fall of Rome in 476a.d. the first half of this millennium is referred to as the ââ¬Å"dark agesâ⬠. In society, all power flowed from the king with the approval of the Roman Catholic Church and its bishops. This is what we know as church and state. The ââ¬Å"dark agesâ⬠or an encompassment of the middle ages by history, gave to many early development in westernRead MoreThe Influences Of Mahler s Work As A Conductor And Composer2691 Words à |à 11 PagesHow does one codify the influences of Mahlerââ¬â¢s work as a conductor and composer? As Gustav Mahler is well known for his conducting, he is best known for his skills as a composer. ââ¬Å"Mahler s interpretative style enabled him, undistracted by the army of gossipers who in all walks of life gather round the success-seekers, to develop, to grow, to mature, to live his works and to create, as Schubert created his songs, Bruckner his symphonies and Masses, and Wagner his music dramasâ⬠(Grange). However,Read MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words à |à 23 PagesRene Magrittes experiments with signification are used as examples by Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault. Foucault also uses examples from Jorge Luis Borges, an important direct influence on many Pos tmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a Postmodernist though he started writing in the 1920s. The influence of his experiments with metafiction and magical realism was not fully realized until the postmodern period.[2] Comparisons with modernist literature Both modern and postmodernRead MoreEssay about Mus 121 Final7488 Words à |à 30 Pageslike to make a comment regarding this item, type your comment into this box: Click the Comment button to record this comment. Comment Section 1, Question 17 Which of the following is not a c omposer from the Romantic period? Richard Wagner Antonà n Dvorà ¡k Franz Schubert Eugene Delacroix Answer Answer Choice number 4: Eugene Delacroix Feedback Correct. Delacroix lived during the Romantic period, but he was not a composer. If you would like to make a comment regarding this itemRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words à |à 1186 Pagesavailable to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 WVR/WVR 0 9 8 7 ISBN 978-0-07-340334-2 MHID 0-07-340334-2 Editorial director: Stewart Mattson Publisher: Tim Vertovec Exec utive editor: Richard T. Hercher, Jr. Developmental editor: Gail Korosa Associate marketing manager: Jaime Halterman Project manager: Harvey Yep Production supervisor: Carol Bielski Designer: Mary Kazak Vander Photo researcher: Jeremy Cheshareck Media project manager:Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words à |à 1314 PagesDr. Montgomery is a Fellow of the American Society for Quality, a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a Fellow of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and an elected Academican of the International Academy of Quality. He is a Shewhart Medalist of the American Society for Quality, and he also has received the Brumbaugh Award, the Lloyd S. Nelson Award, the William G. Hunter Award
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
School Shootings - Failures of Welfare Society Essay
Schools are no longer a safer environment for teenagers and children in todayââ¬â¢s society. Every year, many young lives are taken away due to school shootings. School shootings are widespread issue that seek attention because of their dramatic and frighten nature. These shootings results teenagers who have been harassed or bullied into depression come back with the guns to get revenge. However, School shootings are becoming more and more of an everyday incident around the world. School shooting is an event that is committed by a student with gun violence at a school campus or other institutions. This is becoming a very common and a serious issue around the world, especially in the United States school violence rates are extremely highâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Before the shooting, Kinkel was taken under the special health care system. ââ¬Å"The Federal Health services estimates that at least six million children in this country have some serious emotional disturbance and, for some of them, right and wrong take second seat to the voices in their headsâ⬠(Aaron/Rupetto 329). Unfortunately, two-thirds of these children are not getting any treatment as some of their insurance plan does not have full coverage on them. Another occurrence took place on Febuary 27th, 2012 at Chardon High School, Ohio where a seventeen year old teenager named T.J Lane opened fire in the cafeteria in the school and seriously killed two students. He was sent for the mental illness exam which concludes that he experienced Migrane headaches and was suffering from Psychosis (out of reality) but the motive of shooting remains unclear. Even about his mental health, the court and the people assume that he is faking the mental illness. The Judge announced that if Lane has mental issues then he will not be competent otherwise they will move his case to the adult court. Bullying and Media Violence is a serious and widespread problem that can lead to school shootings. Bullying is probably the most frequently occurring form of violence in American schools today and its really the engine thats driving the majority of violence (Niolon). For example, On April 20th, 1999, Eric Harrison and Dylan Klebold of Columbine High SchoolShow MoreRelatedThe On The Sandy Hook Shooting1464 Words à |à 6 PagesHook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut and shot and killed 20 children and 6 adult staff members. I remember sitting in my physics class when my phone buzzed and I received an alert from CNN about the tragic event. Newtown only being about 30 minutes away from where I live, affected my city greatly. The rest of the school year every elementary school in my district had a police officer stationed in front of it and my high schoolââ¬â¢s security policies would change. The school put alarm systemsRead MorePoverty in Our Own Backyard1677 Words à | à 7 Pagesand education. Some of the effects of poverty can include health related issues, malnutrition, and lack of education. Some people believe that poverty is caused by the failures of individual initiative and lack of effort. They believe that people are poor because there is something lacking in them, they also believe that all welfare programs should be done away with, thus; giving the poor people the initiative needed to work for what they need and want (Senker). People living in poverty can beginRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1688 Words à |à 7 PagesAmerican society even today. The organization MOVE is a radical, revolutionary group based in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. MOVE members live their lives based upon a set of standards called ââ¬Å"the Guidelinesâ⬠written by the founder of the organization, John Africa. The ââ¬Å"Guidelinesâ⬠encourage the members of MOVE to embrace their lives without modern technologies and electricity, strengthen their connection to nature, and oppose the individualistic, consumerist fabric of modern society. MOVE membersRead MoreThe And Its Effect On The World s Things Fall Apart1518 Words à |à 7 Pagesnovels is the tragic consequences of the African encounter with the Europeâ⬠¦.. His novels deal with the social and psychological conflicts created by the incursions of the white man and his culture into the hitherto self-contained world of African society and the disarray in the African consciousness that has followed. (10) Clash of Cultures: In Things Fall Apart Achebe vividly portrays this cultural politics and its ramifications. The novel is divided into three parts, in the first part the richnessRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1596 Words à |à 7 Pagestrying to cut the Union from getting orders or supplies from Washington D.C. like he wanted to. This movement, also known as The Pickettââ¬â¢s Charge, will result in total defeat on the Confederate side and Longstreet, not Lee, will be blamed for this failure. Since Lee was view as a demigod among the Southern men, every time the South was hit with another defeat they were quick to blame Longstreet for their problems. Even if Longstreet warned them before the disaster happen, he would still find himselfRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1595 Words à |à 7 Pagesof trying to cut the Union from getting orders or supplies from Washington D.C. like he wanted. This movement, also known as The Pickettââ¬â¢s Charge, will r esult in total defeat on the Confederate side and Longstreet, not Lee, will be blamed for this failure. Since Lee was view as a demigod among the Southern men, every time the South was hit with another defeat they were quick to blame Longstreet for their problems. Even if Longstreet warned them before the disaster happen, he would still find himselfRead MoreEssay on Youth Gangs3417 Words à |à 14 Pages Youth gangs in North American society are nothing new. When we turn on the news we often hear stories of misguided youth contributing to yet another gang related crime. Even though it is known that youth crimes are overrepresented in the media today, the subject of youth gang activity is quite a predicament to our society. Over the last few years, there has been a moral panic created by constant exposure to the media which portrays a great amount of youth crimes and violence. In Canada there areRead MoreEssay on Youth Gangs3468 Words à |à 14 PagesYouth gangs in North American society are nothing new. When we turn on the news we often hear stories of misguided youth contributing to yet another gang related crime. Even though it is known that youth crimes are overrepresented in the media today, the subject of youth gang activity is quite a predicament to our society. Over the last few years, there has been a moral panic created by constant exposure to the media which portrays a great amount of youth crimes and violence. In Canada thereRead MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1950 Words à |à 8 Pagesincluding 1 in 3 households headed by women (2016). The numbers are disturbing considering this includes people who are working but still cannot pull themselves above the poverty line. The effects of poverty are varied and impactful to every member of society. Poverty can lead to addiction, violent behavior, and impair cognitive and social skills in children. Poverty and addiction How does poverty perpetuate addiction? It can start with the stressors of not having enough income to provide the necessitiesRead MoreSocial Housing s Design Approach And Its Associated Urban Planning2536 Words à |à 11 Pagesto the city, such as solving the working class commendations temporarily. Nevertheless, it is a failure to deliver long-standing social improvements corresponded with the increasing suspicion of modernism, one cannot simply attribute ill fate to its ââ¬Å"innovative physical featuresâ⬠(As Jane said, the Utopian and Utopia), but should rather considered a range of other elements in the larger aspect of society: factors such as difficulty of racial integration, problems of financing and management, lack of
Price Discovery in Illiquid Market Free Essays
| A synopsis on| Price Discovery in Illiquid markets: Do Financial Asset Prices Rise Faster Than They Fall? | | Submitted by:Dinesh MaharjanMBAe-Trimester VIG-one| 4/13/2013| Richard C.. Green, Dan Li and Norman schurhoff. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Discovery in Illiquid Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Price discovery in illiquid market: Do financial asset prices rises faster than they fall. The journal of Finance. VOL LXV, No. 5, OCTOBER 2010| Submitted To: Kiran Thapa Portfolio Management and Security Analysis (Course instructor) Ace Institute of Management I. Introduction In OTC bond markets many investors face high costs of trade, and these costs appear to be related to the lack of price transparency. This journal studies the consequences this has for efficient price discovery. In the municipal bond market, unlike the markets for most consumer goods, dealers trade with retail customers as both buyers and sellers and as in consumer markets, in municipal bond market prices appear to ââ¬Å"rise faster than they fall. This asymmetric price adjustment, referred to as ââ¬Å"rockets and featherâ⬠, is generally understood by economists to be inconsistent with perfect completion between sellers. Sellers appear to exploit local market power due to the search cost of information that customers face and opportunistically delay the recognition of price movements in dealing with customers The report reflects the asymmetric price adjustment in a major OTC financial market using a comprehensive sample of all trades in municipal bonds over a 5- year period. The report focuses on how the dealers take advantage through manipulation of bond price. On average dealers are ââ¬Å"buying wholesaleâ⬠and ââ¬Å"selling retailâ⬠, the asymmetric movement in prices benefits dealers. II. Objectives of Study * The main purpose of this paper is to study the price discovery in municipal bond. * To analyze How and why the price of the municipal bond rise faster than they fall (rockets and feathers) i. e. asymmetric price adjustment * Study the cross-section behavior of bond price with regard to macroeconomic news, treasury yield and how dealers exploit the opportunity of price asymmetry. * To study behavior of intermediaries with respect to price movement, bid-ask spread III. Literature Review Green, Hollifield, and Schurhoff (2007b) show that that newly issued bonds exhibit some peculiar behaviors and high levels of price dispersion. As shown in Green, Hollifield, and Schurhoff (2007a), dealer purchase from and sales to customers are roughly in same value. There are a large number of bounds outstanding, but most individual bonds trade infrequently; intraday price variation can be large compared to movements in fundamentals (Green, Hollifield, and Schurhoff). Hence this paper employs only panel data methods and focus on transactions data aggregated at a daily frequency. Studies on the treasury market generally find that price react almost instantaneously to surprises in scheduled macroeconomic announcements, that the announcements trigger abnormally high volume, and that there is little autocorrelation in returns after the first minute (Ederington and Lee ( 1993, 1995), Fleming and Remolona (1999), and Balduzzi, Elton, and Green (2001), Piazzesi (2005) studies the price reaction to the FOMC meeting statements and finds that the price response to surprises in these announcements is more sluggish, perhaps because of the qualitative nature of the announcements and their unexpected timing. Harris and Piwowar (2006) and Green, Hollifield and Schurhoff (2007a), investigate the cross-section determinants of dealer trading profits, but whether markups differ when prices are rising versus falling. If prices rise faster than they fall, as in markets for retail goods, then the markup should increase during market rallies by more than if it falls when prices are decreasing. Search costs have been used to explain price dispersion in OTC markets and hidden costs in financial services. Carlin (2009) describes how opacity in financial markets can be interpreted as intermediaries imposing gratuitous search costs on consumers, and how this sustains monopoly profits in equilibrium. Green (2007) uses search costs to explain price dispersion and shows that even when intermediaries must compete for issuersââ¬â¢ business, the resulting monopoly rents can be sustained. IV. Data and Methodology The study of price discovery in the municipal bond market is conducted using data provided by Municipal securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB), a self-regulatory industry group. These data include all trades made by registered broker-dealers in municipal securities from May 1, 2000 to October 19, 2006. There are 1,615 trading days during the period. Trades are reported in 1,559,894 bonds. This paper applies a number of rule-based filters to clean the transactions data, eliminate bonds with missing observations, correct obvious clerical errors, and supply missing data items where possible and excludes a small number of trades on holidays and weekends. Most studies of the rockets and feathers phenomenon are based on data that are of high frequency on the time- series dimension. The municipal market, in contrast, involves a huge cross section but trading in individual bonds is relatively infrequent. Therefore this paper propose statistical models that aggregate all transaction in a bond at the daily level, and construct proxies for effective bid-ask spreads, half spreads, and yield spreads over comparable Treasuries. The study is based on empirical analysis which employed following set of explanatory variables and controls * Bond issue and issuer characteristics: Issue size, coupon, maturity in years, modified duration, indicator for callable, tax exempt and insured bonds. Indicator variables for the U. S. state of issuance and calendar year fixed effects. * Order flow variables: short-term rate, term premium, and default spread. * Controls for the average par size traded on a given day, or for the par size and the daily changes in the size of the trades used to measure bid, ask, and midpoint price/yield. To evaluate the impact that news events have on volum e the regression analysis is conducted, whether the day saw the good bad or neutral news. Also conducted a cross-section regression of the daily change in the yield (price) against the surprise variable (news). To measure the underlying price movements, Lehman Brotherââ¬â¢s Long Term Municipal Price Index is used to proxy for the market price level. Regression on markup on round- trip transaction against the change in the index over the period between the initial purchase and final sale is conducted. V. Analysis: a. Asymmetric price adjustment The asymmetric price adjustment is associated with opportunistic timing by the broker-dealers who intermediate trades in the market. The analysis shows that on the ask side of the market, where dealers are selling, prices rise faster than they fall. On the bid side, where dealers are buying, prices fall faster than they rise. The profits on retail trades rise in rallies faster than they decrease when prices fall. This evidence suggests that dealers opportunistically delay recognition of movements in fundamentals. b.. The effect of macroeconomic news events on Price (yield) and volume: The regressions show that, while Treasury rates respond quickly to macroeconomic movements, municipal rates do not. Yield spreads also respond dramatically and persistently because the prce adjustment for municipals is so slow. It is found that the municipal yields (price) respond sluggishly to news. Also there is no effect in transactions volume in bond due to news impact. c. Implicit Half- Spreads and Asymmetric Price Adjustments To analysis how effective half- spreads respond to change in the midpoint, proxy for the bondââ¬â¢s value. When the midpoint of the bond rises, the average sales price less the midpoint (ask-side effective spread) is unaffected, but it rises when values fall. Thus, on the ask side, price rise faster than they fall. Similarly, the bid-side effective half-spread rises when prices rise, but is unaffected when price fall. Thus, the prices that dealers pat fall faster than they rise. In short, when underlying values move to dealersââ¬â¢ advantage, dealers quickly adjust prices up or down to maintain a constant profit margin. In contrast, when price movements decrease the cost of bond that dealers are selling, or increase the cost of a bond they are buying , dealersââ¬â¢ transactions prices are sticky. d. Asymmetric Yield spread Dynamics: Next analysis is the movement over time of yield spreads between municipals and Treasuries using a partial adjustment model. When the spread of the Treasury yield over the municipal midpoint yield is high, the municipalââ¬â¢s yield tends to rise and thus the price tends to fall. The reverse occurs when the yield spread is unusually narrow. The analysis shows that yield spreads widen faster than they shrink. Alternatively stated, municipal price rise faster than they fall. e. Search costs and Asymmetric price dispersion: The analysis shows that within-day dispersion in the prices at which dealers sell to customers is higher when prices are falling than when they are rising. It is also found exact opposite for prices at which dealers buy from customers. Taken together, these findings suggest that dealers are exploiting search frictions on both sides of market. V. Conclusion Investor, financial intermediaries and regulators should concern regarding the consequences of limited transparency in financial markets. It is clear from the analysis that opacity in the municipal bond market affects the dynamic behavior of prices. Price discovery is slow, and price rise faster than they fall. Intermediaries appear to opportunistically time their responses to new information about fundamentals in the prices at which they trade with investors. The dealer markups on inventory positions increase faster when prices rise than they decrease when price fall. Implicit bid-ask spreads adjust slowly when they are relatively wide and adjust quickly when they are relatively narrow. Implicit half-spreads respond more quickly to price movements when this benefits dealers. Yield spreads relative to treasuries also adjust with asymmetric speed when they suggest that municipal prices should rise versus fall. In conclusion, these findings suggests that intermediaries benefit from the lack of price transparency and decentralization, and thus from the search costs imposed on investors, in the OTC market. How to cite Price Discovery in Illiquid Market, Papers
Sunday, April 26, 2020
My life is like... free essay sample
In a lot of ways my life is like the sport of rowing. The shore is like my past. Once I have gotten in that boat and launched off for my race, there is no looking back. No regrets, no disappointment, I have to just keep rowing. The water is comparable to the problems I face in life. Some days, the water will be smooth, hardly any waves at all, while other days Iââ¬â¢ll be put against the task of getting past waves that could potentially flip my boat. The boat is like my perspective. I can only do in the boat what I have learned; similarly, I can only base my opinions on the experiences Iââ¬â¢ve had. Though my boat will sometimes be unbalanced, Iââ¬â¢ll make the best of the situation Iââ¬â¢ve been placed in and learn from it. The oars can be related to my will and drive to succeed. We will write a custom essay sample on My life is like or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though there are times the oars will rip my hands open, leaving them in so much pain that I feel I cannot go on, I know my hands will heal, and Iââ¬â¢ll have become more conditioned because of it. I know the harder I pull on the oar, and the greater endurance I build from doing so, the more likely Iââ¬â¢ll obtain the outcome I was working towards. My teammates, in almost a literal way, can be related to my family and friends. Sometimes the race will get hard. My body will ache, my throat will be sore, and I will feel like quitting. However, I know that I have eight other people in the boat counting on me, and not only will quitting be letting myself down but those girls too. The coxswain is much like my morals and values. When rowing, I cannot see the racecourse, so I must rely on the coxswain to guide me. Although there will be time she wonââ¬â¢t know whatââ¬â¢s around a corner she must use her best judgment to get the boat to the end. The finish line is most similar to my goals and dreams. Although my goal during a race is to be the first to cross the finish line my goals in life are much more than that. I realize that I have a long ways to go before I reach my ââ¬Å"finish lineâ⬠and I understand myself to know that I wonââ¬â¢t settle for okay or even good. When one goal is finished I create another one to work towards. Overall, the most important lesson Iââ¬â¢ve learned through rowing about life is that life is what I make it. I can choose to angry and wallow in self-pity or I learn from my mistakes. I will always work towards being the best person I can with the hand that Iââ¬â¢m dealt and to constantly take the opportunities Iââ¬â¢m offered to learn and grow. I am a rower.
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